Fe(II)-induced transformation of iron minerals in soil ferromanganese
— 1. Introduction. Ferromanganese nodules are common components in soils exhibiting imperfect drainage or limited permeability, and are formed under seasonal changes in the soils' redox potential (Eh) and pH (Jien et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2015).Soil ferromanganese nodules are composed of primary and secondary minerals such as …
Geological Characterization of Ferromanganese Crust …
— The results suggest that the ferromanganese oxide minerals are probably stable at all depths in normal seawater as tiny (1–2 μm) coccoid-like oxide particles, which are deposited on any hard objects at 6 km water depths and form a patina and crusts at a rate of μm per 1000 years (Usui et al. 2020), finally forming a complicated submicron ...
Iron mineral structure, reactivity, and isotopic composition …
— Consistent with intergrowth between Mn and Fe minerals, the "botryoidal" material includes several percent of other transition metals such as Cu, Ni, Co and Zn, which are known to be associated primarily with Mn oxide minerals in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts (Halbach and Puteanus, 1984, Koschinsky and Halbach, 1995, …
New progress in the development and utilization of ferromanganese …
— An in-depth understanding of the microstructure and properties of the ore is essential before beneficiation can take place. Characterization of the embeddedness of the main minerals in the ferromanganese ores in Fig. 2 shows that there is a homogeneous phenomenon of ferromanganese. The ore is dominated by one of the metal minerals …
Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules
— Reproduced from Hein JR, Conrad TA, Staudigel H (2010) Seamount mineral deposits, a source of rare metals for high-technology industries. Oceanography 23: 184-189. Figures - uploaded by James R. Hein
Low-temperature oceanic ferromanganese mineral …
— Request PDF | Low-temperature oceanic ferromanganese mineral deposition: The formation of chemical and mineralogical compositions. the synthesis and adsorptive properties of manganese oxide ...
Ferromanganese oxide deposits: Geochemical and microbiological
— Bacterial participation in the formation of ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) mineral deposits is highly debated, as the precipitation of metals could occur by both chemical and biologically mediated mechanisms. Besides, the enrichment of trace metals like Co and Ni in Fe-Mn deposits is further complicated by the aging process of the crust, scavenging …
The effect of Fe-Mn minerals and seawater interface and
— Ferromanganese crusts and nodules are important submarine mineral resources that contain various metal elements with significant economic value. In this study, polymetallic crusts and nodules obtained from the South China Sea (SCS) were determined by using X-ray power diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), Fourier transform …
Review Research advances, challenges and perspectives for …
— Deep-sea ferromanganese minerals (manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts) are abundant in Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, and other metal resources, which are critical metals to support the development of clean energy technologies. Moreover, global industrialization has accelerated the consumption of terrestrial mineral resources, and the non-renewable ...
Geographic and Oceanographic Influences on …
— Ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts are chemical sedimentary rocks composed predominantly of iron and manganese oxide minerals. These deposits grow on the flanks and summits of seamounts and other …
Spectroscopic Insights Into Ferromanganese Crust …
— In this study, we employ multiple X-ray techniques including micro–X-ray fluorescence, bulk and micro–X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction to probe the structural, compositional, …
Ferromanganese
1.10.1.2 Ferromanganese. Manganese ferroalloys consist of various grades of ferromanganese and silicomanganese. High-carbon ferromanganese, generally with …
Estimates of Metals Contained in Abyssal Manganese …
— 3.3 Marine Ferromanganese Minerals in the Context of Ocean Metal Reservoirs. In addition to the seafloor minerals discussed above, ferromanganese minerals in the oceans also occur in the water column, where they contribute to the distribution of different metals between dissolved and particulate phases. The tonnages we present …
The effects of phosphatization on the mineral associations …
— The older layers of thick ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts from the central Pacific Ocean have undergone diagenetic phosphatization, during which carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) filled fractures and pore space and replaced carbonates. The effects of phosphatization on individual trace metal concentrations, speciation, and phase …
Deep-sea mineral deposits as a future source of critical …
— Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules. Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules or manganese nodules accumulate on the sea floor only in areas of low sedimentation rate and form extremely slowly, with a growth rate of 2-15 mm/million year, which is one of the slowest known geological processes [].These marine sedimentary rocks form in the …
What's In a Nodule?: 2021 North Atlantic Stepping Stones: …
— A Parapagurus sp. crab with a coral in the genus Epizoanthus on its back makes its way across a spectacular and unexpectedly densely packed field of ferromanganese nodules blanketing the seafloor of Gosnold Seamount, explored during Dive 16 of the 2021 North Atlantic Stepping Stones expedition.Image courtesy of NOAA …
Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific
Co-rich Fe-Mn crusts occur throughout the Pacific on seamounts, ridges, and plateaus where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments at least intermittently for millions of years. Crusts precipitate out of cold ambient sea water onto hard-rock substrates forming pavements up to 250 mm thick. Crusts are important as a potential resource for …
Modern precipitation of hydrogenetic ferromanganese …
— Redox-sensitive metallic elements, Mn and Fe, are oxidized in deep sea waters and form abundant ferromanganese crusts and nodules on the world's ocean floors at ultraslow rates of growth.
Modern precipitation of hydrogenetic ferromanganese minerals …
— A simple model of the precipitation of ferromanganese minerals forming hydrogenetic crusts and nodules was proposed mainly based on selective chemical leaching 1 – 5, assuming dissolved forms of manganese and iron in sea waters of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) followed by oxidation and co-precipitation of the metals. …
Sorption Properties of Cobalt-Bearing Ferromanganese …
— Abstract The results of experimental studies of the sorption properties of ferromanganese crusts on the Kocebu Guyot relative to rare-earth metal (REM) cations are presented. It is established that the crusts are a natural, highly selective sorbent of REM cations. The REM cations are adsorbed on ore minerals (Fe-vernadite, vernadite, Mn …
Modern precipitation of hydrogenetic ferromanganese minerals …
— Redox-sensitive metallic elements, Mn and Fe, are oxidized in deep sea waters and form abundant ferromanganese crusts and nodules on the world's ocean floors at ultraslow rates of growth. ... Modern precipitation of hydrogenetic ferromanganese minerals during on-site 15-year exposure tests Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 26;10(1):3558. doi: …
Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical …
— Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules (also known as manganese nodules) are composed of iron and manganese oxides that accrete around a nucleus on the vast abyssal plains of the global ocean 1,2,3,4,5,6
Ferromanganese Deposit
— Ferromanganese deposits are marine formations consisting of minerals and detrital components. They are characterized by their shape and environment of formation, such as deep-sea nodules and crusts. Nodules are typically found on the seafloor, while crusts are found on slopes and can grow around sediment or basalt fragments.
Significant contribution of subseafloor …
— Ferromanganese minerals are widely distributed in subseafloor sediments and on the seafloor in oceanic abyssal plains. Assessing their input, formation and preservation is important for...
The Mechanism of Microbial-Ferromanganese Nodule …
— The outer crust of ferromanganese nodules is usually composed of ferromanganese minerals. Fe and Mn are essential metal elements. Ni and Cu are also significant elements in ferromanganese nodules, since they generally exist in ferromanganese minerals in the form of isomorphic substitution and coexist with Fe and …
Magnetic stratigraphic dating of marine hydrogenetic …
— Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts (hereafter termed Fe-Mn crusts) consist predominantly of seawater-derived ferruginous vernadite (δMnO 2) and X-ray …
Geochemical and molecular characteristics of ferromanganese …
— Geochemical and molecular characteristics of ferromanganese deposits and surrounding sediments in the Mariana Trench: An Implication for the geochemical Mn cycle in sedimentary environments of the trench zone ... Such mineral composition suggests that volcanic ashes and products of their alteration form a significant fraction of the sediments ...
Global Marine Mineral Resources | U.S. Geological Survey
— The Global Marine Mineral Resources project studies deep ocean minerals that occur within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and areas beyond national jurisdictions. Our research concerns the setting, genesis, and metal enrichment processes of mineral occurrences, the relationship between marine minerals related and deep-sea biota, and …
Spatial distribution of manganese oxide minerals in the …
— The Raman results allow us to specifically identify the manganate minerals that comprise ferromanganese nodules (i.e., todorokite, triclinic birnessite, and ranciéite). The results also provide detailed information regarding the variations in the manganate mineral phases within the ferromanganese nodules with growth.
Extensive Coverage of Marine Mineral Concretions …
— Ferromanganese (FeMn) concretions are mineral precipitates found on soft sediment seafloors both in the deep sea and coastal sea areas. These mineral deposits potentially form a three-dimensional …
Cobalt-Rich Crusts: Recognition and Preliminary Evaluations
— Hein JR, Schulz MS, Gein Lisa M (1992) Central Pacific cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: historical perspective and regional variability. In: Keating BH, Bolton BR (eds) Geology and offshore mineral resources of the central Pacific basin, Circum Pacific Council for energy and mineral resources earth science sections, series, vol 14.
Nature of Co-bearing ferromanganese crusts of the …
— The results of experimental studies of ion exchange properties of Co-bearing ferromanganese crusts in the Magellan Seamounts (Pacific Ocean) are discussed. Maximum reactivity in reactions with the participation of manganese minerals (Fe-vernadite, vernadite) is typical of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ cations, whereas minimum activity is recorded …
Full article: Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese oxide
— Their mineral phases consist of todorokite, buserite, and birnessite, along with a small quantity of detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar, serpentine, kaolinite, and illite). Their elemental composition is rich in Ni and Mn compared to ferromanganese oxide deposits from other locations in the Chukchi Sea.
Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules: Rocks That Grow
— Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts and nodules are marine sedimentary mineral deposits, composed mostly of iron and manganese oxides. They precipitate very slowly …
New progress in the development and utilization of …
— In this paper, the physical and chemical properties of a certain ferromanganese ore are used as an example to understand the chemical composition, …
Extensive Coverage of Marine Mineral …
— Ferromanganese (FeMn) concretions are mineral precipitates found on soft sediment seafloors both in the deep sea and coastal sea areas. These mineral deposits potentially form a three-dimensional …